References

iData Research I. U.S. Vascular Access Device and Accessories Market. 2023. https://idataresearch.com/product/vascular-access-devices-marketunited-states/

Helm RE, Kalausner JD, Klemperer JD, Flint LM, Huang E Accepted but unacceptable: peripheral IV catheter failure. J Infusion Nurs. 2015; 38:189-203 https://doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000100

Cooke M, Ullman AJ, Ray-Barruel G, Wallis M, Corley A, Rickard CM Not ‘just’ an intravenous line: consumer perspectives on peripheral intravenous cannulation (PIVC). An international cross-sectional survey of 25 countries. PLOS One. 2018; 13 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193436

Zingg W, Barton A, Bitmead J Best practice in the use of peripheral venous catheters: a scoping review and expert consensus. Infect Prev Pract. 2023; 5:(2) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infpip.2023.100271

Keogh S, Mathew S: Sydney; 2019

: Sydney; 2021

Peripheral intravenous catheter infection and failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2023.104673

Fitch K, Bernstein SJ, Aguilar MD: Rand Corporation; 2001

Association for Safe Aseptic Practice (ASAP). ANTT Clinical Practice Framework. 2024. https://www.antt.org/antt-practiceframework.html

Nickel B, Gorski L, Kleidon T Infusion therapy standards of practice. J Infusion Nurs. 2024; 47:(Suppl 1)S1-S285 https://doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000532

Chopra V, Flanders SA, Saint S The Michigan Appropriateness Guide for Intravenous Catheters (MAGIC): Results From a Multispecialty Panel Using the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method. Ann Intern Med. 2015; 163:(6 Suppl)S1-S40 https://doi.org/10.7326/M15-0744

Moureau N In: Moureau N : Springer Open; 2019

Porritt K Evidence Summary. Peripheral Intravenous Catheter (PIVC): General Care and Catheter Lumen Patency. The JBI EBP Database. 2021; JBIES-22-5:1-3

Alexandrou E, Carr P, Clare S: Springer Open; 2019

Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-related Infections. 2011. https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/bsi-guidelines-H.pdf

Webster JO Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; (1) https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007798.pub5

Hotchkiss JB, Thompson J A critical appraisal of variability in informed consent for vascular access procedures. J Assoc Vasc Access. 2021; 26:(3)19-24 https://doi.org/10.2309/JAVA-D-21-00007

World Health Organization. Guidelines for the prevention of bloodstream infections and other infections associated with the use of intravascular catheters: Part I: Peripheral catheters. 2024. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/376722

Hassanein SM, Tantawi HR, Sadek BN, Hendy A, Awad HA Impact of structured simulation-based and on-job training program on nurses' competency in pediatric peripheral intravenous cannulation: children's hospital experience. Nurse Educ Today. 2021; 98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104776

Valdez F Evidence Summary. Peripheral Intravenous Catheter (PIVC) Care: Education and Training of Staff. The JBI EBP Database. 2022; (JBIES-21--4)1-3

Engstrom Å, Forsberg A Peripheral intravenous catheter difficulty – A clinical survey of registered nurse and critical care nurse performance. J Clin Nurs. 2019; 28:(34)686-694 https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14668

Ballout RA, Diab B, Harb AC, Tarabay R, Khamassi S, Akl EA Use of safety-engineered devices by healthcare workers for intravenous and/or phlebotomy procedures in healthcare settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016; 16 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913016-1705-y

Aziz AM Do training and needle-safety devices prevent needlestick injuries? A systematised review of the literature. Br J Nurs. 2018; 27:(16)944-952 https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2018.27.16.944

Jackson AP, Almerol LA, Campbell J, Hamilton L Needlestick injuries: the role of safety engineered devices in prevention. Br J Nurs. 2020; 29:(14)S22-S30 https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2020.29.14.S22

Ottino MC, Argentero A, Argentero PA, Garzaro G, Zotti CM Needlestick prevention devices: data from hospital surveillance in Piedmont, Italy - comprehensive analysis on needlestick injuries between healthcare workers after the introduction of safety devices. BMJ Open. 2019; 9:(11) https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030576

Grimmond T UK safety-engineered device use: changes since the 2013 sharps regulations. Occup Med (Lond). 2019; 69:(5)352-358 https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqz087

Grimmond T Safety engineered device usage and activation in six western US hospitals. J Assoc Occup Hlth Prof. 2018; 38:(4)14-18

Dulon M, Stranzinger J, Wendeler D, Nienhaus A Causes of needlestick and sharps injuries when using devices with and without safety features. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17:(23) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238721

Perry J, Jagger J, Parker G, Phillips EK, Gomaa A Disposal of sharps medical waste in the United States: impact of recommendations and regulations, 1987–2007. Am J Infect Control. 2012; 40:(4)354-358 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2011.04.328

Reddy VK, Lavoie MC, Verbeek JH, Pahwa M Devices for preventing percutaneous exposure injuries caused by needles in healthcare personnel. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 2017:(11) https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009740.pub3

Tosini W, Ciotti C, Goyer F Needlestick injury rates according to different types of safety engineered devices: results of a French multicenter study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010; 31:(4)402-407 https://doi.org/10.1086/651301

The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Bloodborne Infectious Diseases:HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/bbp/default.html

Johnson L, Nutt A, Piatek D, Reese SM, Rindels J, Schommer K: Arlington, VA; 2021 https://apic.org/wpcontent/uploads/2021/10/IssueBrief_NonCritical_Medical_Devices_Final.pdf

Ullman AJ, Mihala G, O'Leary K Skin complications associated with vascular access devices: a secondary analysis of 13 studies involving 10,859 devices. Int J Nurs Stud. 2019; 91:6-13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.10.006

Porritt K Peripheral Intravenous Catheter (PIVC) Care: Insertion. The JBI EBP Database. 2021; JBIES-2996-4:1-2

Sanft T, Day A, Ansbaugh S NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Survivorship, Version 1.2023. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2023; 21:(8)792-803 https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2023.0041

Bell JA, Campos C, Moureau N Validation and reliability of the Comprehensive Difficult IV Access Scoring Tool. Int J Nurs Health Care Res. 2023; 6 https://doi.org/10.29011/2688-9501.101414

Romito B, Jewell J, Jackson M Child life services. Pediatrics. 2021; 147:(1) https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-040261

Welyczko N Peripheral intravenous cannulation: reducing pain and local complications. Br J Nurs. 2020; 29:(8)S12-S19 https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2020.29.8.S12

Griffith RJ, Jordan V, Herd D, Reed PW, Dalziel SR Vapocoolants (cold spray) for pain treatment during intravenous cannulation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; (4) https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009484.pub2

Farion KJ, Splinter KL, Newhook K, Gaboury I, Splinter WM The effect of vapocoolant spray on pain due to intravenous cannulation in children: a randomized controlled trial. Can Med Assoc J. 2008; 179:(1)31-36 https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.070874

Shokoohi H, Loesche MA, Duggan NM Difficult intravenous access as an independent predictor of delayed care and prolonged length of stay in the emergency department. J Am Coll Emerg Phys Open. 2020; 1:(6)1660-1668 https://doi.org/10.1002/emp2.12222

Tada M, Yamada N, Matsumoto T, Takeda C, Furukawa TA, Watanabe N Ultrasound guidance versus landmark method for peripheral venous cannulation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022; 12:(12) https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013434.pub2

Blanco-Mavillard I, De Pedro-Gómez JE, Rodríguez-Calero MÁ Multimodal intervention for preventing peripheral intravenous catheter failure in adults (PREBACP): a multicentre, cluster randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Haematol. 2021; 8:(9)e637-e647 https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3026(21)00206--4

Porritt K Peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) care: dressings and catheter securement. The JBI EBP Database. 2023; JBI-ES-1203-6:1-3

Marsh N, Webster J, Mihala G, Rickard CM Devices and dressings to secure peripheral venous catheters to prevent complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; 2015:(6) https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd011070.pub2

Ray-Barruel G, Xu H, Marsh N, Cooke M, Rickard CM Effectiveness of insertion and maintenance bundles in preventing peripheral intravenous catheter-related complications and bloodstream infection in hospital patients: a systematic review. Infect Dis Health. 2019; 24:(3) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2019.03.001

Corley A, Ullman AJ, Mihala G, Ray-Barruel G, Alexandrou E, Rickard CM Peripheral intravenous catheter dressing and securement practice is associated with site complications and suboptimal dressing integrity: a secondary analysis of 40,637 catheters. Int J Nurs Studies. 2019; 100 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103409

Marsh N, Webster J, Mihala G, Rickard CM Devices and dressings to secure peripheral venous catheters: a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Studies. 2017; 67:12-19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.11.007

DeVries M, Sarbenoff J, Scott N, Wickert M, Hayes LM Improving vascular access dressing integrity in the acute care setting: a quality improvement project. J Wound Ost Cont Nurs. 2021; 48:(5)383-388 https://doi.org/10.1097/WON.0000000000000787

Ryder M, Duley C Evaluation of compatibility of a gum mastic liquid adhesive and liquid adhesive remover with an alcoholic chlorhexidine gluconate skin preparation. J Infusion Nurs. 2017; 40:(4)245-252 https://doi.org/10.1097/nan.0000000000000230

Hosseini SJ, Eidy F, Kianmehr M Comparing the effects of pulsatile and continuous flushing on time and type of peripheral intravenous catheters patency: a randomized clinical trial. J Caring Sci. 2021; 10:(2)84-88 https://doi.org/10.34172/jcs.2021.016

Ray-Barruel G, Chopra V, Fulbrook P The impact of a structured assessment and decision tool (I-DECIDED®) on improving care of peripheral intravenous catheters: a multicenter, interrupted time-series study. Int J Nurs Studies. 2023; 148 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2023.104604

Porritt K Evidence Summary. Peripheral Intravenous Catheter (PIVC) Care: Removal and Replacement. The JBI EBP Database. 2022; JBIES-3965--5:1-2

Martin LA, Mate KBoston, MA: Institute for Healthcare Improvement; 2018 https://www.ihi.org/sites/default/files/2023-10/IHIInnovationSystem-WhitePaper.pdf

Fukami T Shared decision making with psychological safety. Lancet. 2023; 401:(10383) https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00344-6

Wiseman KM, Berbert L, DeGrazia M, Pilcher J, Forbes PW, Poyner Reed M A retrospective look at peripheral intravenous catheter (pivc) dwell times in pediatric population. J Assoc Vasc Access. 2024; 29:(1)43-45 https://doi.org/10.2309/JAVA-D-23-00025

Standards of care for peripheral intravenous catheters: evidence-based expert consensus

21 November 2024
Volume 33 · Issue 21

Abstract

Background:

The insertion of a PIVC is the most commonly performed invasive procedure in healthcare. Despite its frequency in placement in hospitalized patients, PIVCs are generally perceived as being safe; however, the prevalence of failure ranges from 35%-50%. Additionally, complications are common and often deemed ‘acceptable’ by clinicians. Healthcare provider and clinician foundational knowledge and competency is lacking nationally. Considering the mere volume of PIVCs placed, the failure and complication rates, the human impact is significant.

Methods:

The Association for Vascular Access (AVA) has led a collaborative effort with representatives from the Infusion Nurses Society (INS), the American Association of Critical Care Nurses (AACN), ECRI, and content experts representing nursing vascular access, infusion therapy, infection prevention, critical care, pediatrics, healthcare leadership, a physician, and a patient representative. Our aim is to provide concise guidance that will enhance and standardize practices related to PIVC. By consolidating current standards of practice into a comprehensive document, our framework seeks to advance the quality of care and improve patient safety.

Results:

This document has undergone meticulous scrutiny to ensure its quality, including incorporation of current standards, methodology for consensus from the expert panel, and input received from public comments.

Conclusions:

We anticipate that this work will have a significant impact on healthcare professionals, policymakers, and, most importantly, patients’ experiences by the promotion of consistent, high-quality treatment, safety, and comfort for patients receiving a PIVC.

In the landscape of modern healthcare, peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion is a cornerstone procedure, critical for the administration of therapies, medications, and fluids to a wide array of patients in a variety of settings. Annually, the US alone purchases an estimated 350 million PIVCs, making it the most frequently performed invasive procedure in healthcare.1 Its prevalence is underscored by Helm et al, who highlighted that 60%-90% of hospitalized patients in the US require a PIVC during their care and experience PIVC failure rates ranging from 35%-50%.2 This high failure rate has been persistent, as shown by Cooke et al, who reported even higher global rates of 33%-69% PIVC failures before treatment completion.3

Despite its commonality, PIVC practice variability leads to a range of complications such as infiltration, infection, and patient discomfort. Reports such as that by Zingg et al, corroborate a troubling global prevalence of PIVC failure, marked at 35% to 50%.4 The Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care further amplifies this concern with indications of complication rates up to 70%.5,6 The consistency in these findings is echoed in a systematic review by Marsh et al, which noted that at least one-third of PIVCs inserted globally fail before the completion of the intended therapy.7 Such complications are not just statistical concerns; they represent a grave risk to patient welfare and highlight the urgency for improved insertion and care practices.

Register now to continue reading

Thank you for visiting British Journal of Nursing and reading some of our peer-reviewed resources for nurses. To read more, please register today. You’ll enjoy the following great benefits:

What's included

  • Limited access to clinical or professional articles

  • Unlimited access to the latest news, blogs and video content