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Clinical

A guide to pain assessment and management in adults

Knowledge of pain processes has changed considerably over the past 500 years, when there was the belief that pain is a sensation linked to body fluid imbalance, evil spirits or a punishment from God...

The nervous system and associated disorders

The nervous system is a complex network of specialised cells called neurons, which transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body to communicate with and control other cells. It is...

What influences the inclusion of skin tone diversity when teaching skin assessment? Findings from a survey

This study aimed to explore the experiences of people involved in teaching skin assessment to pre- and post-registrants in both clinical and higher education settings to identify the barriers and...

Loneliness and the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for practice

Loneliness is difficult to accurately define. Several theories and definitions have been put forward in an attempt to explain loneliness (Table 1). Early theorists described loneliness as a universal...

Altered pathophysiology in common neurological conditions

Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 50 million people worldwide (Breijyeh and Karaman, 2020), making it the most common cause of dementia among older adults. The...

Alcohol-related dementia

According to Public Health England (Burton et al, 2016), alcohol is increasingly a leading cause of death in the 50–69 age group in England. This group has the highest rate of alcohol consumption, and...

Transanal irrigation to treat chronic constipation in patients with spinal cord injury: a case study

Mr K was a gentleman with a new spinal cord injury who sustained his injury following a motorbike accident – the injury occurred at level T6. He began experiencing autonomic dysreflexia episodes and...

Septic pulmonary emboli: a case discussion

It is estimated that there are over 15.6 million intravenous drug users worldwide, although it is acknowledged that this may be a gross underestimation due to the illegality and stigma associated with...

The vascular system and associated disorders

Blood vessels are often described as channels that carry blood throughout the body, forming a closed circuit that begins and ends at the heart. Blood travels through the blood vessels following a...

Newly diagnosed hypertension: case study

Jane (a pseudonym has been used to protect the patient's anonymity; Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) 2018), is a 45-year-old woman who had been referred to the surgery following an attendance at an...

Non-invasive and contemporaneous cardiac imaging in heart failure

Heart failure is a complex multifactorial syndrome with various possible underlying causes. Most patients will initially present to primary care with signs and symptoms of heart failure, such as...

A brief guide to immunisation and the immunocompromised child or young person

During immunosuppression, the normal function of the immune system is inhibited. Treatments, such as chemotherapy, disrupt the normal function of the cell cycle, which consequently causes...

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