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Clinical: Pathophysiology

Cell and body tissue physiology

This article outlines the basic structure and functions of cells and tissues; it is not intended to replace a biology textbook, which will provide more detail. Figure 1 illustrates a simple cell..

Shock: aetiology, pathophysiology and management

Patients can experience shock for a number of reasons, including physical trauma, blood loss, dehydration or allergic reaction (Tait, 2022). Shock is used as an overarching term to describe a patient...

The endocrine system and associated disorders

All glandular tissues produce secretions. Exocrine glands are arranged so they secrete theirs via a central duct, which directs the secretions (hormones) to the desired location, for example sweat...

The skin and associated disorders

The skin (integumentary system) is the largest organ of the body, weighs 2.7–3.6 kg and has an average surface area of 1.9 m2. It also has many functions (Table 1) and is made up of the hair and nails...

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