References

Awasthi S, Spellman DS, Hatcher NG Proteomic discovery and validation of novel fluid biomarkers for improved patient selection and prediction of clinical outcomes in Alzheimer's disease patient cohorts. Proteomes. 2022; 10:(3) https://doi.org/10.3390/proteomes10030026

Bae J, Sung HK, Kwon NY Cognitive behavioral therapy for migraine headache: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). 2021; 58:(1) https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58010044

Bavikatte G, Subramanian G, Ashford S, Allison R, Hicklin D Early identification, intervention and management of post-stroke spasticity: expert consensus recommendations. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735211036576

Bennett S, Laver K, Voigt-Radloff S Occupational therapy for people with dementia and their family carers provided at home: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2019; 9:(11) https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026308

Bhatti GK, Reddy AP, Reddy PH, Bhatti JS Lifestyle modifications and nutritional interventions in aging-associated cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020; 11 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00369

Chen HY, Albertson TE, Olson KR Treatment of drug-induced seizures. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016; 81:(3)412-419 https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12720

de Oliveira RMW Neuroplasticity. J Chem Neuroanat. 2020; 108:101822-101822 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101822

DeTure MA, Dickson DW The neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2019; 14:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-019-0333-5

Digre KB Headaches and other head pain. Chapter 370, 26th edn. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI (eds). : Elsevier; 2019

Dunn AR, O'Connell KMS, Kaczorowski CC Gene-by-environment interactions in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019; 103:73-80 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.018

Feigin VL, Nichols E, Alam T Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019; 18:(5)459-480 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30499-X

The International Classification of Headache Disorders. Cephalalgia. 2018; 38:(1)1-211 https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417738202

Ingvaldsen SH, Tronvik E, Brenner E A biofeedback app for migraine: development and usability study. JMIR Formative Research. 2021; 5:(7) https://doi.org/10.2196/23229

Indiana University School of Medicine. Human structure virtual histology: nerve tissue. 2016. https//vmicro.iusm.iu.edu/hs_vm/docs/lab5_2.htm (accessed 8 February 2024)

Kang MJ, Kim SM, Han SE Effect of paper-based cognitive training in early stage of Alzheimer's dementia. Dement Neurocogn Disord. 2019; 18:(2)62-68 https://doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2019.18.2.62

Kilinc E, Guerrero-Toro C, Zakharov A Serotonergic mechanisms of trigeminal meningeal nociception: implications for migraine pain. Neuropharmacology. 2017; 116:160-173 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.12.024

Kim YS, Choi J, Yoon BE Neuron-glia interactions in neurodevelopmental disorders. Cells. 2020; 9:(10) https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9102176

Litke R, Garcharna LC, Jiwani S, Neugroschl J Modifiable risk factors in Alzheimer disease and related dementias: a review. Clin Ther. 2021; 43:(6)953-965 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.05.006

Liu W, Zhang J, Wang Y, Li J, Chang J, Jia Q Effect of physical exercise on cognitive function of Alzheimer's disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. Front Psychiatry. 2022; 13 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.927128

Lucas MJ, Brouwer MC, van der Ende A, van de Beek D Outcome in patients with bacterial meningitis presenting with a minimal Glasgow Coma Scale score. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2014; 1:(1) https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000009

Martins-Macedo J, Lepore AC, Domingues HS, Salgado AJ, Gomes ED, Pinto L Glial restricted precursor cells in central nervous system disorders: current applications and future perspectives. Glia. 2021; 69:(3)513-531 https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.23922

Maschio C, Ni R Amyloid and tau positron emission tomography imaging in alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022; 14 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.838034

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Meningitis (bacterial) and meningococcal septicaemia in under 16s: recognition, diagnosis and managemen. NICE clinical guideline CG102. 2015. https//www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg102 (accessed 8 February 2024)

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. NICE guideline NG97. 2018. https//www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng97 (accessed 8 February 2024)

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Information for the public - treatments for migraine. Based on CG150: Headaches in over 12s: diagnosis and management. 2021. https//www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg150/ifp/chapter/treatments-for-migraine (accessed 8 February 2024)

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. NICE guideline NG128. 2022a. https//www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng128 (accessed 8 February 2024)

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Epilepsy in children, young people and adults. NICE guideline NG217. 2022b. https//www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng217

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected neurological conditions: recognition and referral. NG 127. 2023. https//www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng127 (accessed 9 February 2024)

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Epilepsy and seizures. 2023. https//www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/epilepsy-and-seizures (accessed 8 February 2024)

Neurological Alliance. Neuro numbers 2019. 2019. https//www.neural.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/neuro-numbers-2019-1.pdf (accessed 8 February 2024)

NHS. Epilepsy: overview. 2020. https//www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy (accessed 8 February 2024)

Office for National Statistics. Death registration summary statistics, England and Wales: 2022. Number of deaths by leading cause of death. 2023. http//tinyurl.com/5bw7c35u (accessed 8 February 2024)

Øie LR, Kurth T, Gulati S, Dodick DW Migraine and risk of stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020; 91:(6)593-604 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-318254

Parikh SR, Campbell H, Bettinger JA The everchanging epidemiology of meningococcal disease worldwide and the potential for prevention through vaccination. J Infect. 2020; 81:(4)483-498 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.079

Pedroso RV, Corazza DI, Andreatto CAA, Silva TMV, Costa JLR, Santos-Galduróz RF Cognitive, functional and physical activity impairment in elderly with Alzheimer's disease. Dement Neuropsychol. 2018; 12:(1)28-34 https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-010004

Resuscitation Council UK. The ABCDE approach. 2021. https//www.resus.org.uk/library/abcde-approach (accessed 8 February 2024)

Royal College of Physicians. National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2: Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. 2017. https//tinyurl.com/ycodbu85 (accessed 8 February 2024)

Safak B, Altunan B, Topçu B, Eren Topkaya A The gut microbiome in epilepsy. Microb Pathog. 2020; 139 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103853

, 2nd edn. In: Saver JL, Hankey GJ (eds). : Cambridge University Press; 2020

Silva-Néto RP, de Almeida Soares A, Augusto Carvalho de Vasconcelos C, da Silva Lopes L Watermelon and others plant foods that trigger headache in migraine patients. Postgrad Med. 2021; 133:(7)760-764 https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2021.1922211

Tavakolian S, Goudarzi H, Eslami G, Darazam IA, Dehghan G, Faghihloo E Detection of enterovirus, herpes simplex, varicella zoster, epstein-barr and cytomegalovirus in cerebrospinal fluid in meningitis patients in Iran. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021; 35:(7) https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23836

Tsang RSW A narrative review of the molecular epidemiology and laboratory surveillance of vaccine preventable bacterial meningitis agents: streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus agalactiae. Microorganisms. 2021; 9:(2) https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020449

UK Health Security Agency. Haemophilus influenzae: guidance, data and analysis. 2022. http//tinyurl.com/2s3dp929 (accessed 9 February 2024)

Urits I, Patel M, Putz ME Acupuncture and its role in the treatment of migraine headaches. Neurol Ther. 2020; 9:(2)375-394 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40120-020-00216-1

Wang G, Estrella A, Hakim O Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment as tools for following cognitive changes in alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative participants. J Alzheimers Dis. 2022; 90:(1)263-270 https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-220397

Waugh A, Grant A Ross and Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and illness, 14th edn. : Elsevier Health Sciences; 2022

Weatherall MW The diagnosis and treatment of chronic migraine. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2015; 6:(3)115-123 https://doi.org/10.1177/2040622315579627

World Health Organization. Improving the lives of people with epilepsy: a technical brief. 2022. https//www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240064072 (accessed 8 February 2024)

World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases. Fact sheet. 2023a. https//www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases (accessed 8 February 2024)

World Health Organization. Meningitis. Key facts. 2023b. https//www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/meningitis (accessed 9 February 2024)

The nervous system and associated disorders

22 February 2024
Volume 33 · Issue 4

Abstract

Disorders of the nervous system, encompassing the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves, have emerged as a significant public health issue, with profound implications for individuals worldwide. These conditions result in significant morbidity and mortality. Many patients with neurological disorders often have comorbidities, further complicating their clinical presentation. Therefore, nurses must possess a comprehensive understanding of the nervous system and its associated disorders to formulate detailed care plans that address the unique needs of each patient. This article aims to explore the underlying pathophysiology of some of the most prevalent neurological disorders and how this informs effective patient assessment and diagnostic strategies. A further article will build on this to consider patient assessment and formulating a care plan in more detail.

The nervous system is an incredibly complex system of cells, tissues and organs that plays a vital role in the control and regulation of all bodily functions. When the nervous system is disrupted, it can lead to a variety of disorders which can impact on a person's quality of life.

Nervous system disorders, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a broad range of conditions that can affect various parts of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord and nerves. The incidence of these disorders can vary greatly depending on the specific condition and geographical location. According to the World Health Organization ((WHO), 2023a), neurological disorders are a major public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide. Moreover, neurological disorders are one of the leading causes of disability worldwide (Feigin et al, 2019). In the UK, neurological disorders are a common and significant health problem. Approximately one in six people living in England have one or more neurological disorders (Neurological Alliance, 2019), and neurological disorders were two of the top five leading causes of death in England and Wales (Office for National Statistics 2023) (Table 1).

Register now to continue reading

Thank you for visiting British Journal of Nursing and reading some of our peer-reviewed resources for nurses. To read more, please register today. You’ll enjoy the following great benefits:

What's included

  • Limited access to clinical or professional articles

  • Unlimited access to the latest news, blogs and video content