References

Arabi EM, Arshad AA, Holden K, Carrim Z. The watery eye. BMJ. 2011; 343 https://doi.org/10.1136bmj.d4029

Improving diagnosis in health care. In: Balogh EP, Miller BT, Ball JR (eds). Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2015

Baudouin C, Rolando M, Benitez Del Castillo JM Reconsidering the central role of mucins in dry eye and ocular surface diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2019; 71:68-87 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.11.007

Call M, Fischesser K, Lunn MO, Kao WW. A unique lineage gives rise to the meibomian gland. Mol Vis. 2016; 22:168-176

Damasceno RW, Osaki MH, Dantas PEC, Belfort R Involutional entropion and ectropion of the lower eyelid: prevalence and associated risk factors in the elderly population. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011; 27:(5)317-320 https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0b013e3182115229

Dartt DA, Willcox MD. Complexity of the tear film: importance in homeostasis and dysfunction during disease. Exp Eye Res. 2013; 117:1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2013.10.008

Department of Health. Making a difference: strengthening the nursing, midwifery and health visiting contribution to health and healthcare (archived). 1999. https://tinyurl.com/yykgbeag (accessed 25 November 2020)

Department of Health. The NHS plan: a plan for investment, a plan for reform (archived). 2000. https://tinyurl.com/y5p9ptcf (accessed 25 November 2020)

Dunlop N. Advancing the role of minor surgery for nurses. Br J Nurs. 2010; 19:(11)685-691 https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2010.19.11.48387

Esmaeli B, Burnstine MA, Ahmadi MA, Prieto VG. Docetaxel-induced histologic changes in the lacrimal sac and the nasal mucosa. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003; 19:(4)305-308 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.IOP.0000075016.29682.E0

Farmer DJT, Nathan S, Finley JK Defining epithelial cell dynamics and lineage relationships in the developing lacrimal gland. Development. 2017; 144:(13)2517-2528 https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.150789

Kanski JJ, Bowling B, Nischal K, Pearson A. Clinical ophthalmology: a systematic approach, 6th edn. London: Elsevier Saunders; 2007

Kashkouli MB, Rezaee R, Nilforoushan N, Salimi S, Foroutan A, Naseripour M. Topical antiglaucoma medications and lacrimal drainage system obstruction. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008; 24:(3)172-175 https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181706829

Khong JJ, Muecke J. Complications of mitomycin C therapy in 100 eyes with ocular surface neoplasia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006; 90:(7)819-822 https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2005.086850

Kopp ED, Seregard S. Epiphora as a side effect of topical mitomycin C. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004; 88:(11)1422-1424 https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2004.048033

Mohamed R, Ramcharan D, Srikaran S, Mensch E. A model of clinical practice: a randomised clinical study evaluating patient satisfaction of nurse-led vs consultant-led intravitreal injection. Eye (Lond). 2018; 32:(6)1148-1149 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-017-0008-9

Obata H. Anatomy and histopathology of human meibomian gland. Cornea. 2002; 21:S70-S74 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ico.0000263122.45898.09

Ortiz-Basso T, Galmarini A, Vigo RL, Gonzalez-Barlatay JM, Premoli EJ. The relationship between topical anti-glaucoma medications and the development of lacrimal drainage system obstruction. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2018; 81:(6)490-493 https://doi.org/10.5935/0004-2749.20180095

Paulsen F, Thale AB, Maune S, Tillmann BN. New insights into the pathophysiology of primary acquired dacryostenosis. Ophthalmology. 2001; 108:(12)2329-2336 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00946-0

Sandinha T, Hebbar G, Kenawy N, Hope-Stone L, Damato B. A nurse-led ocular oncology clinic in Liverpool: results of a 6-month trial. Eye (Lond). 2012; 26:(7)937-943 https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2012.62

Shen GL, Ng JD, Ma XP. Etiology, diagnosis, management and outcomes of epiphora referrals to an oculoplastic practice. Int J Ophthalmol. 2016; 9:(12)1751-1755

Shum JWH, Cheung JJC, Lee MMN, Wong OGW, Li KKW. Randomized crossover study showing nurse-led same day review replacing next day review in uneventful phacoemulsification to be safe and efficacious. J Ophthalmol. 2017; 1-7 https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1261698

Shin JH, Kim YD, Woo KI Impact of epiphora on vision-related quality of life. BMC Ophthalmol. 2015; 15:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2415-15-6

Stevens S. Lacrimal syringing. Community Eye Health. 2009; 22:(70)

Wearne MJ, Pitts J, Frank J, Rose GE. Comparison of dacryocystography and lacrimal scintigraphy in the diagnosis of functional nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999; 83:(9)1032-1035 https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.83.9.1032

Pilot study of a nurse-led adult lacrimal clinic at a tertiary ophthalmic centre

10 December 2020
Volume 29 · Issue 22

Abstract

This article provides the reader with an outline of the anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal system and illustrates how a variety of pathologies within this system can result in the development of a watery eye. It describes the role of the nurse consultant in the diagnosis and management of patients with watery eye in the lacrimal clinic, and how the training programme for the development of such skills was implemented. Following training, within the realms of an established pilot study, the nurse consultant began to implement her skills in a newly established nurse-led lacrimal clinic. Patients seen in the lacrimal clinic would previously have been assessed and managed by a doctor. To confirm the accuracy of this approach, an audit was undertaken comparing the nurse-led diagnosis and management plans with that of an oculoplastic doctor. In addition, patient waiting times in the clinic and patient satisfaction were assessed, as important indicators of quality of care.

Nurse-led clinics in the UK were first endorsed by the Government in the 1990s in a variety of documents including Making a Difference (Department of Health, 1999) and the Chief Nursing Officer's 10 key roles for nurses set out in The NHS Plan(2000), which also required hospital management to make changes and respond to the Government's strategy for nursing and midwifery by introducing new ways of working to improve service delivery by providing more quality care and treatment.

The field of ophthalmology has seen the development of several nurse-led services in recent years (Dunlop, 2010; Sandinha et al, 2012; Shum et al, 2017; Mohamed et al, 2018) including, for example, in the areas of oculoplastic surgery, cataract surgery, ocular oncology and intravitreal injections for medical retina disease. The authors' hospital, a tertiary ophthalmic centre within the subspecialty of oculoplastics, offers an outpatient lacrimal clinic service dealing specifically with the diagnosis and management of patients presenting with a watery eye, known as ‘epiphora’. The causes of watery eye are multifactorial, some of which require management with surgery, but others can be managed either conservatively or with the use of topical medications. The assessment of such patients requires a systematic approach, including the application of a few specialised clinical tests.

Register now to continue reading

Thank you for visiting British Journal of Nursing and reading some of our peer-reviewed resources for nurses. To read more, please register today. You’ll enjoy the following great benefits:

What's included

  • Limited access to clinical or professional articles

  • Unlimited access to the latest news, blogs and video content