References
Understanding the independent samples t test in nursing research

Abstract
Critical thinking is required for successful nursing outcomes. For evidence-based practice, there is a need to understand and apply quantitative methods of research and statistical analysis in order to obtain evidence. However, the literature shows that the use of quantitative methods among nurse researchers can be problematic. This article aims to enhance understanding and implementation of one of the most frequently used statistical tests, the independent samples t-test, with the use of a nursing practice example. Guidance for the most used statistical software for social sciences (SPSS) and graphical representations are provided.
Nursing is a rapidly growing area worldwide, with outputs both in practice and research. With the focus on evidence-based practice, which emphasises critical thinking and using the best available evidence, the ways in which nurses acquire evidence need to be considered. Research is one of the most important ways of obtaining evidence to inform practice. In principle, good research is expensive, with ethical considerations and requirements, and a need for relevant education and training (Jolley, 2020); increased nursing research funding means more research programmes and output, contributing to high-quality, safe practice. Attributes acquired in research, such as critical thinking, are also important characteristics for successful nursing practice (Ingham-Broomfield, 2014; Liu et al, 2019).
Nurse researchers can use a variety of methods, whether qualitative, quantitative or mixed. The choice of method will depend on the individual project, and how best to address the research questions/hypotheses (Duffy, 1985; Simonovich, 2017; Leedy and Ormrod, 2020). In the early years, nursing research mainly used quantitative approaches, but there has been a shift towards the use of qualitative methods (Driessnack et al, 2007). Quantitative methods, either as stand-alone research or as part of a mixed-methods approach, require knowledge of mathematics (especially statistics) because they require data collection, manipulation in a numerical form and analysis using relevant software (for example, the SPSS statistical software package). This process is essential in quantitative research, allowing nurse researchers to investigate phenomena and present their findings in a clear and concise way (Babbie, 2020).
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